LANDMARK MOVEMENTS AND MOMENTS
Labor & Activism of Filipino Farmworkers
LABOR & ACTIVISM OF FILIPINO FARMWORKERS
Authors
Author
Rudy Guevarra Jr.
Rudy P. Guevarra, Jr. is Professor of Asian Pacific American Studies in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University. He is the author of Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego, and most recently, Aloha Compadre: Latinxs in Hawaiʻi. He is a former Ford Foundation Senior Fellow and UC Berkeley Chancellor’s Postdoctoral Fellow. Dr. Guevarra’s work has also appeared in the Journal of Asian American Studies, the Journal of San Diego History, and Remezcla Online, among others. Rudy is also an avid gardener and heritage cook, and is working on his forthcoming cookbook, The Mexipino Cafe.
Author
Allyson Tintiangco-Cubales
Allyson Tintiangco-Cubales is a distinguished professor of Asian American Studies/Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University. As founder of Pin@y Educational Partnerships and co-founder of Community Responsive Education, she supports educators across the nation to teach principled Ethnic Studies. She is currently the director of curriculum for UCLA’s Foundations and Futures: Asian American and Pacific Islander Multimedia Textbook. In 2024, she was honored with the Wang Family Award, one of the most prestigious honors faculty can receive in the California State University (CSU) system for her teaching, service, and scholarship. Also, in 2024, she became an American Educational Research Association Fellow and received the mentorship award from the Association of Asian American Studies.
Author
Dawn Bohulano Mabalon
Dawn Bohulano Mabalon is a third generation Pinay born in Stockton, California. The late San Francisco State University Professor Mabalon received her BA in History with a specialization in Asian American Studies, magna cum, laude, in 1994, and her MA in Asian American Studies, in 1997, both from UCLA. At UCLA, Dr. Mabalon took her first Filipina/o American studies course that sparked her lifelong love and activism for justice. She became a student leader and fierce advocate for marginalized communities within and beyond the university. In Los Angeles, she became well-known as a powerful spoken word poet. Her creative voice directly aligned with her rigorous scholarship.
Author
Lauren Arzaga Daus
Lauren Arzaga Daus received her BA in Asian American Studies at San Francisco State University, where she learned the significance of Ethnic Studies and her identity as a Pinay, especially during her time teaching with Pin@y Educational Partnerships (PEP). She has her MEd and Social Science Teaching Credential from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). After teaching high school Ethnic Studies for several years, Lauren is now a PhD student in the Urban Schooling Division at UCLA. Her research interests include teacher training for Ethnic Studies Teachers of Color and wellness, grief, and radical joy in education.
Author
Gayle Romasanta
Gayle Romasanta’s work has appeared on television, radio, online, journals and books, such as the New York Times, Smithsonian Magazine, Time and more. She co-authored the first book about labor leader Larry Itliong, Journey for Justice: The Life of Larry Itliong. Gayle also wrote “Larry the Musical: An American Journey,” which had its sold out 2024 premiere in San Francisco at Brava Theater. She is also the executive director of the Filipino American Development Foundation, a Filipino American National Historical Society National Trustee, and serves on the Board of Directors at the Yerba Buena Gardens Conservancy in San Francisco.
Author
Stacey Salinas
Stacey Anne Baterina Salinas is an assistant professor of History and Ethnic Studies at College of the Redwoods. Her research centers Asian American history with an emphasis on gender, labor activism, and feminism. Her recent book, Pinay Guerrilleras, highlights Filipina resistance fighters during WWII and explores how their wartime experiences shaped their community organizing efforts after they arrived in rural California as war brides. Salinas volunteers for Pacific Atrocities Education, the Fil-Am National Historical Society, Humboldt Asian American and Pacific Islanders in Solidarity, and the Filipino American Woman Project Podcast. As a co-founder of the Bulosan Center, Salinas created archives, exhibits, and curriculum on Asian American labor history. These archives at UCD’s Kagiwada Library include her community work where she conducted talk stories with AANHPI elders to document the Asian American farming towns of the 1900s-1950s.
Author
Robyn Rodriguez
Robyn Magalit Rodriguez is best known for her role as a scholar and Professor Emerita of Asian American Studies at the University of California, Davis as well as founding director of the Bulosan Center for Filipinx Studies. She established the Amado Khaya Initiative as a way of honoring and continuing the legacy of community organizing and activism led by her eldest son. A mother, Dr. Rodriguez has two sons, Amado Khaya and Ezio, who is in grade school and is learning how to be a farmer on Remagination Farm, a property of Dr. Rodriguez and her husband, Joshua Vang.
Author
Catherine DeGuzman
Catherine Anne Sahagun DeGuzman served as a Student Justice Advisor and Ambassador for the Bulosan Center for Filipinx Studies, which has transitioned to the Amado Khaya Initiative, a grassroots organization dedicated to preserving and disseminating knowledge about the Filipinx experience. At UC Davis, Catherine worked as a Student Assistant and Peer Advisor in the Asian American Studies Department. These roles fueled her passion for addressing issues faced by Asian Americans and other marginalized groups through Ethnic Studies, research, grassroots organizing, and advocacy. Catherine earned her bachelor’s degree with honors in Asian American Studies from UC Davis.
Author
Mark Pulido
The Honorable Mark Pulido (Ret.) is a former two-term Council Member and Mayor of Cerritos, California, the first of Filipino ancestry. He has devoted more than forty years of his life to community organizing and public service. He graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles where he was elected UCLA Student Body President, the first of Filipino ancestry, and earned his Master of Public Policy at The University of Chicago. He served in elective office for nineteen years (2001-2020), including three terms as Board Member and Board President of the ABC Unified School District, in Southeast Los Angeles County.
02:17
Did Filipino farmworkers achieve justice?
Chapter objectives
- Learn about the history of Filipino farmworkers and the context for their migration to the United States, their treatment, and their pursuit for justice.
- Understand the complexities of relationships across race, gender, labor, and activism among farmworkers and their movement.
- Explore how labor unions have helped workers in their struggle for better working conditions.
Nearly 60 percent of Filipinos who came to the United States from 1920 to 1934 were farmworkers. Although they performed extremely difficult work with great skill and pride, they were often exploited, abused, devalued, and mistreated by the people who employed them. Despite this, they remained dignified and proud of their work and their skill, and determined that they be treated and paid accordingly. They fought for economic justice by organizing labor unions that demanded fair wages and working conditions. Filipino American farmworkers contributed significantly to the agricultural industry in the United States during the twentieth century, but have often been unacknowledged in the nation’s history. This chapter includes an overview of the labor and activism of Filipino farmworkers, and a specific look at activists such as Larry Itliong, Philip Vera Cruz, Carlos Bulosan, and Filipinas who were integral to the farmworker movement.
LABOR AND ACTIVISM OF FILIPINO FARMWORKERS
Educator Resources
Module 1
Overview: Labor & Activism of Filipino Farmworkers
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Module 2
Larry Itliong
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Module 3
Filipinas in the Filipino Farmworker Movement
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Module 4
The Life and Legacy of Carlos Bulosan
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Module 5
Philip Vera Cruz
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Curriculum Developer
Aldrich Limpin Sabac
Aldrich Limpin Sabac is a former English, ELD, and Ethnic Studies teacher. For eight years he served as Edison High School’s English Department Co-Chair. He received his B.A. in Asian American Studies and his B.A. in Sociology from San Francisco State University, where he taught with Pin@y Educational Partnerships. He then received his teaching credentials and master in education from the University of California, Los Angeles. He has produced curriculum for: the PBS Asian American Docuseries, Journey for Justice: The Life of Larry Itliong, CDE’s AB 123: Filipino American Contributions to the Farm Labor Movement, and UCLA’s Foundations and Futures. He is a founding teacher of the SUSD Ethnic Studies program, and currently serves as SUSD’s Ethnic Studies Curriculum Specialist.
Curriculum Developer
Aileen Pagtakhan
Aileen Pagtakhan (she/they) teaches 8th grade Language Arts and US History at Itliong-Vera Cruz Middle School. She graduated from San Francisco State with a BA in Asian American Studies and earned her ELA credential through Cal State East Bay. The curriculum Aileen has developed with and in community centers Man@ng farmworker labor in honor of her school’s namesakes. She hopes to continue producing work that uplift and bridge people through lessons, art, and music.
Curriculum Developer
Aristel de la Cruz
Aristel de la Cruz is a high school educator, having taught English and Ethnic Studies. He has worked with various organizations in the Bay Area, from creating and teaching Filipino American studies, organizing and performing at community art spaces and benefits to contributing to various campaigns combating oppression at a local and global level.
Curriculum Developer
Rod Daus-Magbual
Rod Daus-Magbual is a father, husband, educator, and Council Member for Daly City, CA. He is a two-time Vice Mayor and served as Mayor in 2022. He is also the Executive Director of an award-winning Ethnic Studies program, Pin@y (Pinay/Pinoy) Educational Partnerships (PEP). PEP is a Filipina/o/x American studies community where Rod has mentored upper division undergraduate and graduate students who have become teachers, counselors, and leaders throughout California over the past two decades. He has also taught at various colleges and universities in northern California and is a tenured track Ethnic Studies professor at Skyline College.
Module 1
Guevarra, Rudy P., Jr. “Filipino Farmworkers.” In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Filipina/x/o American Studies, edited by Kevin Leo Yabut Nadal, Allyson Tintiangco-Cubales and E.J.R. David. SAGE Publications, 2022.
Guevarra, Rudy P., Jr. Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic identities and communities in San Diego. Rutgers University Press, 2012.
Guevarra, Rudy P., Jr. . “Mabuhay Compañero: Filipinos, Mexicans, and Interethnic Labor Organizing in Hawaiʻi and California, 1920s–1940s.” In Transnational Crossroads: Remapping the Americas and the Pacific, edited by Camilla Fojas and Rudy P. Guevarra. University of Nebraska Press, 2012.
“Journey for Justice: The Life of Larry Itliong Read Aloud.” Video. Posted January 6, 2021 by Bridge and Delta Publishing, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTl17BnAaPk.
Mabalon, Dawn B. Little Manila Is In the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. Duke University Press, 2013.
Poblete, JoAnna. Islanders in the Empire: Filipino and Puerto Rican Laborers in Hawaiʻi. University of Illinois Press, 2014.
Scharlin, Craig and Lilia Villanueva. Philip Vera Cruz: A Personal History of Filipino Immigrants and the Farmworkers Movement. University of Washington Press. 2000.
Shah, Nayan. Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality and the Law in the North American West. University of California Press, 2012.
Valdés, Dennis N.. Organized Agriculture and the Labor Movement before the UFW: Puerto Rico, Hawaiʻi, California. University of Texas Press, 2011.
Module 2
Brimner, Larry D. Strike! The Farm Workers’ Fight for Their Rights. Calkins Creek, 2014.
Cordova, Fred. Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1983.
Jacques E. Levy Research Collection on Cesar Chavez. File 12. Larry Itliong. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut, https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/17151760.
“Journey for Justice: The Life of Larry Itliong Read Aloud.” Video. Posted January 6, 2021 by Bridge and Delta Publishing, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTl17BnAaPk.
Mabalon, Dawn B. Little Manila Is In the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California, 1898-1972. Duke University Press, 2013.
Scharlin, Craig and Lilia Villanueva. Philip Vera Cruz: A Personal History of Filipino Immigrants and the Farmworkers Movement. University of Washington Press, 2000.
Valledor, Sid A. The Original Writings of Philip Vera Cruz. Dog Ear Publishing, 2006.
Module 3
Budech, Keiko A., “Missing Voices, Hidden Fields: The Gendered Struggles of Female Farmworkers,” Senior Thesis, Pitzer, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/54.
Entralgo, Rebekah. “Migrant Women Farm Workers: An Invisible Essential Labor Force.” Inequality.org (blog). April 21, 2021. https://inequality.org/great-divide/women-farmworkers-essential-labor/.
National Farm Worker Ministry. “Women in Agriculture.” Last modified July 2018, https://nfwm.org/farm-workers/farm-worker-issues/womens-issues/.
Root, Maria P. , Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. Sage Publications, 1997.
Welga Digital Archive. Bulosan Center for Filipinx Studies, Davis, California. https://welgadigitalarchive.omeka.net/welgaexhibit.
Module 4
“Author, Poet, and Worker: The World of Carlos Bulosan” Collection. University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections, Seattle, Washington. https://content.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/bulosan/index.html.
Baldoz, Rick. “‘Comrade Carlos Bulosan’: U.S. State Surveillance And The Cold War Suppression Of Filipino Radicals.” Asia Pacific Journal – Japan Focus 11, no. 33 (2014). https://apjjf.org/2014/11/33/rick-baldoz/4165/article.
Bulosan, Carlos. “Terrorism Rides the Philippines.” Amerasia Journal 6, no. 1 (1979): 139-141.
Bulosan, Carlos. America is in the Heart: A Personal History. University of Washington Press, 2014.
Bulosan, Carlos. On Becoming Filipino: Selected Writings of Carlos Bulosan. Edited by E. San Juan Jr. Temple University, 1995.
Juan, E. S. “Carlos Bulosan, Filipino Writer-Activist: Between a Time of Terror and the Time of Revolution.” CR: The New Centennial Review 8, no. 1, 103–134. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41949583.
Module 5
Kwoh, Stewart L. Untold Civil Rights Stories: Asian Americans Speak Out for Justice. Asian Pacific American Legal Center/UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 2009.
Lyons, R. D. “Philip Vera Cruz, 89; helped to found the farm worker union.” The New York Times, June 16, 1994. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/16/obituaries/philip-vera-cruz-89-helped-to-found-farm-worker-union.html.
Mabalon, Dawn B. Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. Duke University Press, 2013.
Morales, Royal. Makibaka 2: the Pilipino American Struggle. Crown Printers, 1998.
Scharlin, Craig and Lilia V. Villanueva. Philip Vera Cruz: A Personal History of Filipino Immigrants and the Farmworkers Movement. University of Washington Press, 2000.
Valledor, Sid A.The Original Writings of Philip Vera Cruz. Dog Ear Publishing, 2006.
Welga Digital Archive. Bulosan Center for Filipinx Studies, Davis, California. https://welgadigitalarchive.omeka.net/welgaexhibit.
Module 1
Overview: Labor & Activism of Filipino Farmworkers
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Module 2
Larry Itliong
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Module 3
Filipinas in the Filipino Farmworker Movement
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Module 4
The Life and Legacy of Carlos Bulosan
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Module 5
Philip Vera Cruz
By Aldrich Limpin Sabac, Aileen Pagtakhan, Aristel de la Cruz, and Rod Daus-Magbual
Module 1
Guevarra, Rudy P., Jr. “Filipino Farmworkers.” In The SAGE Encyclopedia of Filipina/x/o American Studies, edited by Kevin Leo Yabut Nadal, Allyson Tintiangco-Cubales and E.J.R. David. SAGE Publications, 2022.
Guevarra, Rudy P., Jr. Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic identities and communities in San Diego. Rutgers University Press, 2012.
Guevarra, Rudy P., Jr. . “Mabuhay Compañero: Filipinos, Mexicans, and Interethnic Labor Organizing in Hawaiʻi and California, 1920s–1940s.” In Transnational Crossroads: Remapping the Americas and the Pacific, edited by Camilla Fojas and Rudy P. Guevarra. University of Nebraska Press, 2012.
“Journey for Justice: The Life of Larry Itliong Read Aloud.” Video. Posted January 6, 2021 by Bridge and Delta Publishing, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTl17BnAaPk.
Mabalon, Dawn B. Little Manila Is In the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. Duke University Press, 2013.
Poblete, JoAnna. Islanders in the Empire: Filipino and Puerto Rican Laborers in Hawaiʻi. University of Illinois Press, 2014.
Scharlin, Craig and Lilia Villanueva. Philip Vera Cruz: A Personal History of Filipino Immigrants and the Farmworkers Movement. University of Washington Press. 2000.
Shah, Nayan. Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality and the Law in the North American West. University of California Press, 2012.
Valdés, Dennis N.. Organized Agriculture and the Labor Movement before the UFW: Puerto Rico, Hawaiʻi, California. University of Texas Press, 2011.
Module 2
Brimner, Larry D. Strike! The Farm Workers’ Fight for Their Rights. Calkins Creek, 2014.
Cordova, Fred. Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1983.
Jacques E. Levy Research Collection on Cesar Chavez. File 12. Larry Itliong. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut, https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/17151760.
“Journey for Justice: The Life of Larry Itliong Read Aloud.” Video. Posted January 6, 2021 by Bridge and Delta Publishing, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTl17BnAaPk.
Mabalon, Dawn B. Little Manila Is In the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California, 1898-1972. Duke University Press, 2013.
Scharlin, Craig and Lilia Villanueva. Philip Vera Cruz: A Personal History of Filipino Immigrants and the Farmworkers Movement. University of Washington Press, 2000.
Valledor, Sid A. The Original Writings of Philip Vera Cruz. Dog Ear Publishing, 2006.
Module 3
Budech, Keiko A., “Missing Voices, Hidden Fields: The Gendered Struggles of Female Farmworkers,” Senior Thesis, Pitzer, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/54.
Entralgo, Rebekah. “Migrant Women Farm Workers: An Invisible Essential Labor Force.” Inequality.org (blog). April 21, 2021. https://inequality.org/great-divide/women-farmworkers-essential-labor/.
National Farm Worker Ministry. “Women in Agriculture.” Last modified July 2018, https://nfwm.org/farm-workers/farm-worker-issues/womens-issues/.
Root, Maria P. , Filipino Americans: Transformation and Identity. Sage Publications, 1997.
Welga Digital Archive. Bulosan Center for Filipinx Studies, Davis, California. https://welgadigitalarchive.omeka.net/welgaexhibit.
Module 4
“Author, Poet, and Worker: The World of Carlos Bulosan” Collection. University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections, Seattle, Washington. https://content.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/bulosan/index.html.
Baldoz, Rick. “‘Comrade Carlos Bulosan’: U.S. State Surveillance And The Cold War Suppression Of Filipino Radicals.” Asia Pacific Journal – Japan Focus 11, no. 33 (2014). https://apjjf.org/2014/11/33/rick-baldoz/4165/article.
Bulosan, Carlos. “Terrorism Rides the Philippines.” Amerasia Journal 6, no. 1 (1979): 139-141.
Bulosan, Carlos. America is in the Heart: A Personal History. University of Washington Press, 2014.
Bulosan, Carlos. On Becoming Filipino: Selected Writings of Carlos Bulosan. Edited by E. San Juan Jr. Temple University, 1995.
Juan, E. S. “Carlos Bulosan, Filipino Writer-Activist: Between a Time of Terror and the Time of Revolution.” CR: The New Centennial Review 8, no. 1, 103–134. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41949583.
Module 5
Kwoh, Stewart L. Untold Civil Rights Stories: Asian Americans Speak Out for Justice. Asian Pacific American Legal Center/UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 2009.
Lyons, R. D. “Philip Vera Cruz, 89; helped to found the farm worker union.” The New York Times, June 16, 1994. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/16/obituaries/philip-vera-cruz-89-helped-to-found-farm-worker-union.html.
Mabalon, Dawn B. Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community in Stockton, California. Duke University Press, 2013.
Morales, Royal. Makibaka 2: the Pilipino American Struggle. Crown Printers, 1998.
Scharlin, Craig and Lilia V. Villanueva. Philip Vera Cruz: A Personal History of Filipino Immigrants and the Farmworkers Movement. University of Washington Press, 2000.
Valledor, Sid A.The Original Writings of Philip Vera Cruz. Dog Ear Publishing, 2006.
Welga Digital Archive. Bulosan Center for Filipinx Studies, Davis, California. https://welgadigitalarchive.omeka.net/welgaexhibit.
Curriculum Developer
Aldrich Limpin Sabac
Aldrich Limpin Sabac is a former English, ELD, and Ethnic Studies teacher. For eight years he served as Edison High School’s English Department Co-Chair. He received his B.A. in Asian American Studies and his B.A. in Sociology from San Francisco State University, where he taught with Pin@y Educational Partnerships. He then received his teaching credentials and master in education from the University of California, Los Angeles. He has produced curriculum for: the PBS Asian American Docuseries, Journey for Justice: The Life of Larry Itliong, CDE’s AB 123: Filipino American Contributions to the Farm Labor Movement, and UCLA’s Foundations and Futures. He is a founding teacher of the SUSD Ethnic Studies program, and currently serves as SUSD’s Ethnic Studies Curriculum Specialist.
Curriculum Developer
Aileen Pagtakhan
Aileen Pagtakhan (she/they) teaches 8th grade Language Arts and US History at Itliong-Vera Cruz Middle School. She graduated from San Francisco State with a BA in Asian American Studies and earned her ELA credential through Cal State East Bay. The curriculum Aileen has developed with and in community centers Man@ng farmworker labor in honor of her school’s namesakes. She hopes to continue producing work that uplift and bridge people through lessons, art, and music.
Curriculum Developer
Aristel de la Cruz
Aristel de la Cruz is a high school educator, having taught English and Ethnic Studies. He has worked with various organizations in the Bay Area, from creating and teaching Filipino American studies, organizing and performing at community art spaces and benefits to contributing to various campaigns combating oppression at a local and global level.
Curriculum Developer
Rod Daus-Magbual
Rod Daus-Magbual is a father, husband, educator, and Council Member for Daly City, CA. He is a two-time Vice Mayor and served as Mayor in 2022. He is also the Executive Director of an award-winning Ethnic Studies program, Pin@y (Pinay/Pinoy) Educational Partnerships (PEP). PEP is a Filipina/o/x American studies community where Rod has mentored upper division undergraduate and graduate students who have become teachers, counselors, and leaders throughout California over the past two decades. He has also taught at various colleges and universities in northern California and is a tenured track Ethnic Studies professor at Skyline College.
Modules in this chapter
Overview: Labor & Activism of Filipino American Farmworkers
Larry Itliong
Filipinas in the Filipino Farmworker Movement
The Life and Legacy of Carlos Bulosan
Philip Vera Cruz
Overview: Labor & Activism of Filipino American Farmworkers
Larry Itliong
Filipinas in the Filipino Farmworker Movement
The Life and Legacy of Carlos Bulosan
Philip Vera Cruz
Chapter Sources
Alcantara, Ruben R. Sakada: Filipino Adaptation in Hawaiʻi. Washington, DC: University Press of America, Inc., 1981.
Almaguer, Tomás. “Racial Domination and Class Conflict in Capitalist Agriculture: The Oxnard Sugar Beet Workers’ Strike of 1903.” Labor History 25 (1984): 325-350.
Balderrama, Francisco E.and Raymond Rodriguez. Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.
Bottomley, Allen W.T. A Statement Concerning the Sugar Industry in Hawaii: Labor Conditions on Hawaiian Plantations; Filipino Laborers there-on, and the alleged Filipino “Strike” of 1924. Honolulu: Advertiser Press, 1924.
Bulosan, Carlos. America Is in the Heart: A Personal History. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1973.
Castillo-Tsuchida, Adelaida. “Filipino Migrants in San Diego, 1900-1946.” Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of San Diego, 1979.
Catapusan. Benicio T. “Filipino Immigrants and Public Relief in the United States.” Sociology and Social Research, 23, no. 4 (March 1939): 546–545.
Crouchett, Lorraine. Filipinos in California: From the Days of the Galleons to the Present. El Cerrito, CA: Downey Place Publishing House, 1982.
De Witt, Howard. Violence in the Fields: California Farm Labor Unionization During the Great Depression. Saratoga, CA: Century Twenty One Publishing, 1980.
De Witt, Howard. Anti-Filipino Movements in California: A History, Bibliography and Study Guide. San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1976.
LABOR & ACTIVISM OF FILIPINO FARMWORKERS
Chapter Sources
Alcantara, Ruben R. Sakada: Filipino Adaptation in Hawaiʻi. Washington, DC: University Press of America, Inc., 1981.
Almaguer, Tomás. “Racial Domination and Class Conflict in Capitalist Agriculture: The Oxnard Sugar Beet Workers’ Strike of 1903.” Labor History 25 (1984): 325-350.
Balderrama, Francisco E.and Raymond Rodriguez. Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.
Bottomley, Allen W.T. A Statement Concerning the Sugar Industry in Hawaii: Labor Conditions on Hawaiian Plantations; Filipino Laborers there-on, and the alleged Filipino “Strike” of 1924. Honolulu: Advertiser Press, 1924.
Bulosan, Carlos. America Is in the Heart: A Personal History. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1973.
Castillo-Tsuchida, Adelaida. “Filipino Migrants in San Diego, 1900-1946.” Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of San Diego, 1979.
Catapusan. Benicio T. “Filipino Immigrants and Public Relief in the United States.” Sociology and Social Research, 23, no. 4 (March 1939): 546–545.
Crouchett, Lorraine. Filipinos in California: From the Days of the Galleons to the Present. El Cerrito, CA: Downey Place Publishing House, 1982.
De Witt, Howard. Violence in the Fields: California Farm Labor Unionization During the Great Depression. Saratoga, CA: Century Twenty One Publishing, 1980.
De Witt, Howard. Anti-Filipino Movements in California: A History, Bibliography and Study Guide. San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1976.
Dela Cruz, Melinda L. “Filipino Farmworker Narratives of the 1930s and 1940s: Carlos Bulosan’s America Is in the Heart.” Pacific Historical Review, vol. 85, no. 1, 2016, pp. 80–108.
Espiritu, Yen Le. Filipino American Lives. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995.
Filipino Oral History Project. Voices: A Filipino American Oral History. Stockton, California: Filipino Oral History Project, Inc., 1984.
French, Will J., dir. Facts About Filipino Immigration Into California: Special Bulletin No. 3. San Francisco: State of California Department of Industrial Relations, 1930.
González, Gilbert G. Mexican Consuls and Labor Organizing: Imperial Politics in the American West. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.
Guevarra, Rudy. P. Jr. “Filipino Farmworkers.” Sage Encyclopedia of Filipina/x/o American Studies, Edited by Kevin Leo Yabut Nadal, Allyson Tintiangco-Cubales and E.J.R. David, 2022.
Guevarra, Rudy P. Jr. Becoming Mexipino: Multiethnic Identities and Communities in San Diego. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2012.
Guevarra, Jr., eds., Transnational Crossroads: Remapping the Americas and the Pacific, 171–197. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012.
Jung, Moon-Kie. Reworking Race: The Making of Hawaii’s Interracial Labor Movement. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.
Kerkvliet, Melinda Tria. Unbending Cane: Pablo Manlapit, a Filipino Labor Leader in Hawai’i. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2002.
Lasker, Bruno. Filipino Immigration to the Continental United States and to Hawaii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931.
Mabalon, D. B., & Romasanta, G. (2018). Journey for justice: The life of Larry Itliong. Bridge and Delta Publishing.
Mabalon, Dawn Bohulano. Little Manila Is in the Heart: The Making of the Filipina/o American Community of Stockton, California. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013.
Marshall, James Stuart. Labor Unionism in American Agriculture, U.S. Department of Labor Bulletin No. 836. Washington, DC: GPO, 1945.
Melendy, H. Brett. “California’s Discrimination Against Filipinos, 1927-1935.” In Roger Daniels and Spencer C. Olin Jr., ed., Racism in California: A Reader in the History of Oppression. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1972): 141–151.
Ngai, Mae M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
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