Japanese laborers who worked on Hawaiian sugar plantations typically signed labor contracts like the Ouchi labor contract of 1899 which specified wages and work expectations. Trapped by these contracts, some tried to escape while others organized.
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The Asian American Studies Center acknowledges the Gabrielino/Tongva peoples as the traditional land caretakers of Tovaangar (Los Angeles basin, So. Channel Islands) and pay our respects to the honuukvetam (ancestors), ‘ahiihirom (elders), and ‘eyoohiinkem (relatives/relations) past, present, and emerging.
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